Kwibohora ku ngoma ya gihake mu 1959
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Ingaruka zakurikiye bidatinze itariki ya 01/11/1959
Ikibazo: ko utari umu Aprosoma wa mbere wari ugiriwe nabi, watubwira impamvu itariki ya 1/11/1959 ariyo yiswe imbarutso yo kwibohora ingoma ya cyami n’ubuhake bwayo n’ingaruka wowe wabonye zahise zikurikira iyo taliki
Igisubizo: Mu gitondo cyo kuwa 02/11/1959 nageze kwa Kayibanda nkuko twari twabisezeranye ku cyumweru 01/11/1959. Impamvu twateranye ni uko twashakaga kwandika ibaruwa yo kwamagana bikomeye ubugizi bwa nabi bw’Abarunari bwari bukabije. Muri iyo baruwa twerekanye ukuntu politiki yari igeze aharenga aho abataravugaga rumwe n’ishyaka UNAR ryari k’ubutegetsi bagirirwaga nabi.
Muri iyo baruwa twasabye abategetsi b’ ababiligi gufata ingamba nyazo zo guhagarika ibikorwa by’urugomo UNAR yakoreraga amashyaka yitwaga y’abahutu. Iyo barwa twayandikiye Résident w’u Rwanda na Administrateri w’intara ya Gitarama. Ubwanjye nashyiriye ayo mabaruwa yombi Administrateri w’intara anyizeza kubimenyesha Résident bidatinze (hari copie y’izo mpungenge yaje kuboneka mu nyandiko zabitswe z’uwitwa Marcel Pochet wari umujyanama w’ umwami icyo gihe). Résident avuye i Kigali yambwiye ko nawe yari yatunguwe n’uwo mutekano wari wabaye mucye maze ansaba kwitahira mu rugo.
Ngeze i Remera ku Ndiza mu ma saa moya ya ninjoro dutwawe na Christophe Bizimana, twahagaritswe na za bariyeri abaturage bari bishyiriye mu muhanda.
Icyo gihe bambwiye ko bari bazishyizeho kugirango batangire abahezanguni ba Runari batava ku Ndiza bataramenya amakuru yanjye kuko ngo inkuru yari yarakwiriye ko ngo Abarunari banyishe.
Kuva i Remera ho ku Ndiza hari amaduka naciye ku zindi bariyeri kugeza ngeze iwanjye mu bilometero 8 uvuye aho i Remera. Nahasanze abantu benshi bari baje kurarira abana banjye n’urugo rwanjye. Uwo munsi ni nabwo twumvise ko ngo mu Marangara abaturage bari bamanutse mu mihanda n’amayira barakaye barandura ibiti by’ikawa kwa shefu Haguma.
Bukeye ku itariki ya 3/11/1959 ahagana saa yine za mu gitondo nabonye ikivunge cy’abaturage bo ku Ndiza ntari narigeze mbona aho nabereye.
Cyari ikivunge cy’abantu bari baturutse muri susheferi zose, bafite ubwoba ko sushefu wabo yahohotewe, ubona bashaka kwirwanaho no guhana abamugiriye nabi.
Bansabye kubasobanurira uko nahohotewe. Kugirango ngabanye umujinya ndengakamere nabonaga bafite nababwiye ko n’ubwo nari nagiriwe ku bw’amahirwe bitari bikabije. Ntawari kumenya intera byari kugira.
Ariko abaturage babonye ikiganza cyanjye gipfutse bahise bavuza induru, ni uko bahita bajya kwa shefu Gashagaza kumubaza impamvu nahohotewe. Ibyakurikiyeho ndumva byanditse mu bitabo by’amateka. Kandi koko ibyabaye kuri iyo taliki ya 3/11/1959 byakozweho amaperereza n’imanza kuberako muri izo mvururu hari n’abantu baguye kwa shefu Gashagaza. Niyo mpamvu ngira inama abantu gusoma ibyo Parike yatangaje byerekeranye n’ izo manza.
Amateka avuga ko icyo gihururu cy’abaturage cyageze kwa shefu Gashagaza ni uko batangazwa no kubona uwo shefu yari ateranye n’aba sushefu hafi ya bose b’ abatutsi bo mu bwatsi bwe (chefferie) n’ abandi banyacyubahiro bageraga kuri 80. Abo baturage bavuze ko abasushefu babiri muri abo bari bateranye, abitwa Katarabirwa na Nkusi, basohokanye intwaro babwira abaturage kubaviraho bakagenda vuba. Katarabirwa yazunguzaga inkota ye naho Nkusi ati nimutagenda ndabashumuriza ingabo zanjye z’abatwa. Hakurikiyeho gushyamirana nuko Katarabirwa arahagwa naho Nkusi we ngo arakubitwa cyane. Shefu Gashagaza abonye uko ibintu bigenze yahisemo gucisha macye yemera kuba ariwe ugenda nyuma y’uko abaturage bamubwiye ko ariwe ahubwo ugomba kubavira mu nzira.Ni uko yemeye kugenda ajyanye n’umugore we n’abana bitwaje ishusho rya Bikira Mariya, asaba abaturage ko babageza kuri paroisse ya Kanyanza aho we n’umuryango we bakiriwe. Bamwe muri abo baturage barabaherekeje kugirango bagereyo amahoro.
Mu kwihimura icyo gihe umwami Kigeli wa V Ndahindurwa yateranyije abarwanyi be ba kabuhariwe bari bagizwe n’abatwa n’abakiga bo muri Mukura na Rukoko bari batinyitse bitwaga Abambarankota abategeka kwirara mu bayobozi b’abahutu bo muri Marangara bari barateguye Manifeste y’Abahutu, abaziza kuba barasabye ko ubutegetsi busanranganywa n’abahutu.
Iyo abategetsi b’Ababiligi bo muri ako karere badatabara, abo barwanyi b’umwami Kigeli bari kumara abo bayobozi b’ababahutu. Ntitwakwibagirwa kandi ko kuva kw’italiki ya 3/11/1959 kugeza kw’italiki ya 10/11/1959, umubare uhagije w’abasilikare bo muri Congo bamaze kugera mu Rwanda kugirango bahoshe imvururu, abahutu bariye inka z’ abatutsi mu gihe intagondwa z’umwami nazo zicaga nabi abayobozi b’abahutu bo mu majyepfo no mu bice byo hagati y’uRwanda aho imyigaragambyo ku butegetsi yari yatangiriye. Ba Sindibona, Munyandekwe Impangare, Kanyaruka, Mukwiye Polepole, Secyugu n’abandi bayobozi b’ababahutu bazwi nk’ibitambo bya mbere by’ibyo bitero by’ingabo z’umwami. Ndetse hari n’abandi bashefu b’abatutsi bari begeranyije insoresore zo gutera ubwoba abahutu ngo batigaragambya nk’abo muri Ndiza-Marangara.
Ikibazo: Nkawe ubwawe wabashije ute gukundwa na rubanda yari igizwe cyane cyane n’abahutu ndetse iyo rubanda ikanerekana ko igukomeyeho ku buryo yanakurwanyeho kandi wari unahagarariye umwami nka sushefu? Wari umaze imyaka 7 uri sushefu kuva mu 1952, wari waragize igihe gihagije cyo kuba wakwihutura, kuki utabikoze?
Igisubizo: Ni byo niko nanjye nabyumvise ko ngo naba ndi umwe mu basushefu bacye b’abahutu batihutuye. Mu mpamvu ntihutuye harimo ubujijuke kubera amashuri nari narize no kuba nari naragize amahirwe yo gutera imbere muri sosiete nyarwanda ntagombye kwihutura. Nk’ubwo nabonaga amashuri nize yo kwigisha yari yaratumye njijukirwa ibintu byinshi kurusha abandi bayobozi b’abatutsi bari bakigendera ku mico ya cyera. Nasangaga kandi nari narashinzwe imyanya itari mito mu butegetsi bw’igihugu ntagombye kwihutura. Nk’igihe nari Clerc en chef mu butegetsi bw’Ababiligi i Gitarama kuri 1947 kugeza 1952 nari mfite ubutegetsi bwarutaga ubw’aba shefu bane n’ubw’aba sushefu basagaga 60 bo mu karere kanjye karimo Marangara, Rukoma, Ndiza na Nduga. Aba shefu bose bagombaga kuncaho kugirango bavugane na administrateur kandi nari nshinzwe no kugenzura chefferies na sous-chefferies zose zo muri ako karere. Kubera ko ari njye wari ushinzwe kugenzura uburyo abo bashefu n’abo basushefu bakora nkanagomba no gukora raporo yo guha adiministrateri ku mitegekere yabo, yampaga n’uburenganzira bwo kubaha amabwiriza. Abo bayobozi twakoranaga neza bananyubaha cyane cyane ko bamwe banankeneraga kugirango mbasemurire. Urumva rero ko nta mpamvu yatumaga numva nkeneye kwihutura kandi narubahwagwa kubera akazi nakoraga kandi ngakora neza. Indi mpamvu kandi ni uko kuri jye nasangaga kwihakana inkomoko yanjye bisuzuguritse.
Ikibazo: Wamenya impamvu Kayibanda na Gitera batagizwe abasushefu?Question : Pourquoi Kayibanda et Gitera n'ont-ils pas été proposés comme sous-chefs ?
Igisubizo: Ntabwo mbizi. Ariko icyo nakwemeza ni uko Kayibanda numva atari kwemera. Yari ageze kure mu mushinga we wo guhindura imitegekere ishingiye ku buhake bw’Abahutu ku Batutsi. Ndibuka ko muri za 1956, ubutegetsi bw’ ababiligi bwashakaga ko hatangwa abakandida 10 b’abahutu ku myanya y’ubushefu. Icyo gihe Kayibanda yansabye kwanga kubijyamo ambwira ko icyo dukwiriye kwitaho ari uguhindura imiyoborere y’igihugu. Naho Gitera na Munyangaju ndumva nabo batari kwemera gufata umwanya w’ubuyobozi kuko ubwo byavugaga ko bagombaga guhagarika kwandika bamagana imitegekere mibi. Naho Bicamumpaka we yabaye sushefu mu 1958. Ngo yirukanye ubwe umusushefu witwaga Kanakintama kubera ngo ibintu bibi yari yarakoze mu bwatsi bwe maze afata umwanya we.
Ikibazo: Watubwira icyatumye wowe utarahisemo kwandika wamagana imitegekere mibi nka bo?
Igisubizo: Hari impamvu nyinshi.
1. Umwami Rudahigwa yari yarabujije abayobozi bo mu nzego z’igihugu kugira inyandiko bakora zerekeranye na politiki.
2. Nababwiye kandi ko Kayibanda ariwe wenyine wari warahawe mandat yo gutangaza inyandiko zose za Mouvement Social Hutu yari igamije guteza imbere abahutu bari barakandamijwe n’ingoma ya gihake.
3. Nari maze igihe ndi mu buyobozi bw’igihugu kandi ndumva narashyize mu bikorwa ibitekerezo byari mu nyandiko za Kayibanda, Gitera na Munyangaju.
Ikibazo: Igihe “Manifeste y’Abahutu” itangazwa mu 1957, nibwo itegeko nshinga rya Mouvement Social Hutu naryo ryahise ritangazwa. Birumvikana ko ababyemeraga kandi bashakaga kuyishyigikira bagombaga kwiyerekana. Wowe wabigenje ute?
Igisubizo: Manifeste y’Abahutu imaze gutangazwa narishimye cyane kuko nahise mbona ko ibitekerezo byacu n’ibyo twaharaniraga byari bitangiye gushyirwa mu bikorwa. Guhera icyo gihe, gukorera hamwe byadufashije gushira ubwoba ariko no kuba twatotezwa niko byiyongereye kurushaho. Gusa birazwi ko intwari zigaragara mu bikomeye. Uwungirije guverineri w’u Rwanda – Burundi amaze guha Kayibanda uruhushya ko ashobora gutangiza cellues za Mouvement Social Hutu, Kayibanda yahise antumaho ansaba gutangiza inama ya mbere muri susheferi nayoboraga, ndamwemerera. Hari mu ntangiriro za 1958. Kubera ko nari mu buyobozi bw’igihugu nta kindi nari nemerewe kubafashamo uretse kuba umujyanamo muri iyo Mouvement.
Ikibazo: Mouvement Social Hutu yageze aho ihinduka ishyaka rya politiki (Parmehutu) mu 1959, ni iki wowe warushinzwemo?
Igisubizo: Nabaye umwe mu bashatse izina turi kwa Kayibanda. Hari na Calliopi Mulindahabi, Yohani Rwasibo na Petero Claveri Ndahayo. Iryo zina twarihisemo nyuma ya meeting twakoreye muri susheferi nayoboraga ku italiki ya 4/10/1959. Iyo meeting yajemo imbaga y’abantu bari baturutse hafi mu Rwanda hose baje kumva Kayibanda.
Icyo gihe amashyaka ya politiki yari yaremewe niyo yonyine yari afite uburenganzira bwo gukoresha meeting. Kugeza icyo gihe UNAR (Runari) yari yarakoresheje meeting yayo yambere i Kigali kuri 13/09/1959, yibwira ko ariyo yonyine ishobora gukoresha meeting. Ni cyo cyatumye Kayibanda na we yiyemeza gutangaza ko Mouvement Social Hutu ihindutse ishyaka rya politiki. Yaje kwemererwa k’ umugaragaro kw’itariki ya 18/10/1959 ku izina twari tumaze guhitamo ari ryo : PARMEHUTU (Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu / Ishyaka rya Mouvement iharanira guteza imbere ABAHUTU).
Ubwoba bwatuyoyotsemo twumva duteye intambwe idasanzwe mu kuvugira rubanda. Amezi ya Nzeli n’ Ukwakira yabaye amezi y’ ubushyamirane bukomeye hagati ya Parmehutu na UNAR. Ubwo bushyamirane bwigaragaje mu minsi ibanza y’Ugushyingo. Na mbere yo gushaka kungirira nabi kw’ itariki ya 1/11/1959, Runari yahoraga isaba ko nirukanwa ku buyobozi bwa sushefu ngo kuko nari nemeye ko meeting ya Mouvement yacu ibera muri susheferi yanjye ku ya 4/10/1959 kandi ndi mu buyobozi bw’igihugu.
Inama idasanzwe y’ igihugu, guhunga k’Umwami, amatora yo muri komini na guverinoma y’agateganyo yo kuri 26/10/1960
Ikibazo: Nyuma y’ibyabaye mu Ugushyingo 1959, izina ryawe ryongera kuvugwa mu mateka y’u Rwanda igihe ishyaka PARMEHUTU ryagutoranyije wowe na Anasthase Makuza kurihagarira mu nama idasanzwe y’igihugu. Ko iyo nama yagiyeho taliki ya 4/02/1960 wakoraga iki hagati ya 1/11/1959 na 4/02/1960? Mbese ubundi iyo nama yari ishinzwe iki?
Igisubizo: Nyuma y’ibyabaye ku italiki ya 1/11/1959, shefu Gashagaza yandeze ko ari njye watangije kandi nkanayobora imyigaragambyo yabaye muri chefferie ye no kumutera iwe. Uko nabibonye abarunari bifuzaga ko nakwicwa kuko bamaze kubona ko kunyica bitazabashobokera (kubera ko abaturage bo ku Ndiza bari biyemeje kunrwanaho), abo barunari bahisemo kwica abandi bayobozi ba Parmehutu na Aprosoma batari barinzwe nkanjye, abo ni nka Sindibona, Impangare, Kanyaruka, Mukwiye n’ abandi. Ndetse batwitse n’inzu nari narubatse i Mwendo muri komini ya Mukingi bakeka ko nari nahahungiye.
Amezi yabanjirije ishyirwaho ry’inama idasanzwe y’igihugu no gushyiraho abayobozi bashya (abasushefu n’ abashefu b’ agateganyo) njye nayamaze nitaba inkiko nsubiza ibibazo nabazwaga n’abakoraga iperereza ku mvururu zari zarabaye mu karere kacu. Kuva ku itariki ya 10/ 11/ 1959, ubutegetsi bw’ababiligi bwategetse ko igihugu cyose gishyirwa mu buyobozi bwa gisirikare kubera imvururu zari zimaze gufata intera nini. Icyo gihe abayobozi b’aba civils twese twarahagaritswe.
Icyo gihe ubuyobozi bw’igihugu bwashyizwe mu maboko y’umusilikare BEM Logiest. Buri munsi nitabaga urukiko rukuru rwa gisirikare rwari rwarashyizweho ku Ndiza, ngiye gusubiza ibibazo byarwo byari byerekeranye n’imvururu zo ku Ndiza kuko nari narezwe ko ari njye wari wahagurukije abaturage bo ku Ndiza mu kwigaragambya ku buyobozi. Uretse no kugomba kujya gusubiza ibibazo bambazaga, nagombaga no kujya muri urwo rukiko kugirango mbashe kuburizamo ibinyoma abasemuzi b’abatutsi babwiraga urukiko, no kubabuza gukoresha amayeri yo kubeshya abaturage kugirango bambeshyere.
Icyo gihe ubutegetsi bw’ababiligi bwari bwanashyizeho mandat yo kumfata no kunjyana muri prison y’i Kigali. Nakijijwe n’umupadiri w’umu Père Blanc wo muri mission y’i Kanyanza watangajwe no kubona ubutegetsi bw’ababiligi bwari butarasobanukirwa n’aho ukuri kwari kuri. Urwo rubanza rwanjye rwari rwarashojwe na Gashagaza rwarakomeje n’igihe nari mu nama idasanzwe y’igihugu ariko ruza kurangira urukiko rungize umwere!
Inama idasanzwe y’igihugu yari urwego rusumba izindi z’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu kandi yari ihuriwemo n’ amashyaka 4 manini ariyo APROSOMA, RADER, PARMEHUTU na UNAR. Yari ifite inshingano yo guhindura imitegekere y’Umwami, gutyo Umwami Ndahindurwa agahindura uburyo bwo kuyobora, akareka amashyaka akaba ariyo ashyirwa imbere mu mitegekere y’igihugu, maze we akayobora nk’ Umwami w’Itegeko Nshinga (Roi Constitutionnel). Muri iyo nama Umwami yari ahagarariwe na mwene se Ruzibiza. Ariko byaje kuba ikibazo kuko Umwami yakomeje kwihambira ku bya cyera kubera abajyanama be bo muri Runari, bari baraheze mu mitekerereze ya cyera, bityo bituma hazamo amakimbirane hagati ye n’iyo nama nkuru y’igihugu. Ibyo inama idasanzwe yemezaga akanga kubishyiraho umukono, twabijyanaga kwa Résident w’umubiligi akaba ariwe ubishyiraho umukono. Byagezaho Umwami aza kubona ko atazashobora gukomeza guhangana natwe ni uko afata icyemezo cyo kuva mu Rwanda aciye i Leopoldville yitwaje ko agiye mu birori by’ubwigenge bwa Kongo. Kuva ubwo ntiyongeye kugaruka mu Rwanda. Hari kw’italiki ya 25/06/1960.
Ahubwo twaje kumenya ko Umwami yari yagiye kuregera Loni ko ababiligi bamutwaye ubwami (ubutegetsi) bwe bakimika Abahutu. Turaza kubona ko hari ibyo yashoboye kugeraho.
Ikibazo: Ni izihe ngaruka zabayeho zakurikiye uko kugenda k’umwami?
Igisubizo: Kugenda k’ umwami byateye icyuho mu buyobozi k’umwanya w’umukuru w’igihugu. Tubibonye twarushijeho gukaza umurego dusaba amatora mu gihugu cyose ngo hatorwe abayobozi b’inzego zose bityo hakajyaho ubyobozi bushya bushingiye ku matora, bunyuranye n’ubwa cyami. Kuri 06/06/1960 abaPARMEHUTU bateraniye mu nama idasanzwe mu Ruhengeri bemeza ko igihugu gikwiriye kuba Repubulika kuko bumvaga ari byo byatuma abaturage bose bagira ubwisanzure busesuye, kandi bakanareshya imbere y’amategeko n’imbere y’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu. Urebye icyo cyemezo cy’ishyaka PARMEHUTU no kuba ryari rimaze kugira ingufu ni byo byatumye Umwami yanga gukomeza gukorana n’inama idasanzwe y’igihugu. Mu nama idasanzwe y’igihugu naho, amashyaka PARMEHUTU, APROSOMA na RADER yari yashyize hamwe yemeza ko igihe kigeze cyo guhindura imitegekere mu Rwanda, ahanganye n’ishyaka UNAR ry’abari bashyigikiye Ubwami.
Nubwo RADER yari kumwe natwe muri iyo nama idasanzwe y’igihugu ntabwo yo yashakaga ko u Rwanda ruhinduka Repubulika, ahubwo umuyobozi wayo Prosper Bwanakweri we icyo yifuzaga kwari ugusimbura umwami Ndahindurwa Kigeli V ariko we akemera kuba Umwami Constitutionnel (akarekera amashyaka ubutegetsi bw’igihugu). Uyu Bwanakweri yakomokaga mu muryango w’umwami umunana.
Bigeze mu kwezi kwa 6 n’ ukwa 7 mu 1960, habayeho amatora mu makomini yose, Parmehutu n’Aprosoma zegukana amajwi 84% naho Rader ibona 7% bituma ihitamo kuva muri urwo runana rw’amashyaka ivuga ko amatora atagenze neza mu buryo bwa demokarasi.
Naho UNAR (Runari) yo yahise yivana mu kibuga cya politiki kuko yanze kujya mu matora nk’andi mashyaka, bityo ibura byose. Kuri 26/10/1960 hashyizweho inzego ebyiri nkuru z’ igihugu arizo inteko ishinga amategeko yarimo intumwa za rubanda 48 ziturutse mu mashyaka anyuranye, na guverinoma y’agateganyo ihuriyemo ababiligi n’ abanyarwanda, ikuriwe na perezida w’ishyaka ryari ryabonye amajwi menshi, ariwe Gregoire Kayibanda.
Muri iyo guverinoma y’agateganyo nahawe umwanya w’umunyamabanga muri ministeri y’ingabo z’igihugu. Ministeri y’ingabo n’iy’ububanyi n’amahanga zakomeje gutegekwa na Leta y’Ububiligi, ku buryo nta mu ministre zagiraga mu Rwanda. Ni muri icyo gihe hasyhizweho ishuli ry’abasilikare bakuru b’igihugu, bityo dutangira gutoranya abasore bazatozwa kuyobora ingabo z’igihugu nazo zagombaga gushyirwaho.
Ubwo Umwami na Runari bateye hejuru banga iyo nteko ishinga amategeko na guverinoma y’agateganyo, batakambira umwami w’ababiligi nyuma bajya no gutakambira Loni, bayisaba ko yakohereza ingabo zayo zikaza gusimbura ubutegetsi bw’ababiligi.
Loni yabyizeho mu nama zayo maze ifata icyemezo kijyanye n’ibyo Kigeli wa V yayisabaga, yemeza ko hagomba gukoresha referendum kugirango abaturage bashobore kwihitiramo niba bashaka kugumana ubutegetsi bwa cyami n’Umwami Kigeli wa V Ndahindurwa.
Kayibanda abonye ko ubwami bushobora gusubizwaho, abonye kandi ko Ababiligi bari bamaze kwemera kwigizayo amatora y’intumwa za rubanda yagombaga kuba mu kwa mbere 1961 ari nayo yagombaga gushyiraho inama ishyiraho itegeko nshinga, yahisemo gutanguranwa n’Umwami Kigeli V kugirango amukureho.
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